How Is an STD Test Conducted?

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are diagnosed through a blood test, urine test, genital/ throat swab tests, at public health institutions, private clinics or STD clinics regulated by the Ministry of Health (MOH). Since regular testing is crucial for sexual health, especially for those with risk factors, understanding the process is key. This is particularly important for young adults, who have the highest incidence rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) according to a 2017 Ministry of Health report, as many infections can be asymptomatic. Early detection through reliable testing is essential for effective treatment and preventing further transmissions.

Most STDs, active (with symptoms) or dormant (asymptomatic), can be detected through blood, urine or swab testing:

Blood Tests

Blood tests detect the presence of antibodies (proteins your body produces to fight infection) or foreign substances (antigens) produced in response to an STD infection. These tests can identify bacterial or viral DNA/RNA, surface antigens of the virus or bacteria, and antibodies. However, it's important to note that blood tests typically detect past or current infections, not necessarily active disease.

Common STDs tested for through blood tests include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), syphilis, herpes, hepatitis.

Urine Tests

Urine tests detect the DNA of bacteria causing the infection. The urine sample is analysed using tests that amplify the genetic material of the bacteria (Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests or NAATs).

Common STDs tested for through urine tests include chlamydia and gonorrhoea.

Swab Tests

Swab tests collect samples from specific body parts (cervix, urethra, rectum, throat, or sores) to detect the presence of bacteria or viruses. Samples are analysed using various testing methods, such as NAATs and viral cultures (growing the virus in a lab).

Common STDs tested for through swab tests include chlamydia and gonorrhoea, herpes, human papillomavirus (HPV).

Oral Fluid Tests

Oral fluid tests involve collecting saliva samples, which are then tested for antigens (components of the virus) or antibodies (proteins that fight infection).

Common STDs tested for through oral fluid tests include HIV.

Multiplex PCR

Multiplex PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a testing method that can simultaneously detect multiple STDs from a single sample (blood, urine and/or swab) with high accuracy. This method is beneficial for comprehensive screening, especially for individuals at higher risk of multiple infections. Multiplex PCR can save time and resources compared to individual tests for each STD.

It is best for you to consult with your doctor to determine the best testing approach for you.

The procedure for an STD Test at a clinic typically involves:

• Consultation: The doctor will discuss your symptoms, sexual history, and any specific concerns you might have. The consultation is kept strictly confidential and private.
• Sample Collection: Depending on the type of test, samples may be collected through blood, urine, or swabs from the genital area, throat, or rectum.
• Laboratory Analysis: Collected samples are sent to a laboratory for analysis.
• Results: Results are typically available within a few days, depending on the specific tests conducted.

When you go for STD testing, clinics provide a professional, non-judgmental, and confidential environment. Doctors and staff are trained to handle sensitive issues with care and discretion. Strict protocols including secure electronic health records and discreet communication methods are employed, ensuring your personal information and test results are not shared without your explicit consent. These strict protocols guarantee that your information remains confidential throughout the testing process and beyond.

Disclaimer: This article is not representative of the testing process at all clinics, and your experience might differ.

Post-test counselling is an integral part of the STD testing process. Your doctor will explain the results, answer questions, provide emotional support if required, and outline next steps for treatment or further testing. While STD tests are highly accurate, there is still a chance of a false positive (i.e., a test indicating an infection is present when it is not). If this is a concern, your doctor may recommend confirmatory testing with more precise methods.

• Positive Results: Follow-up appointments are crucial for discussing treatment options, such as antibiotics for bacterial infections and antivirals for viral infections, as well as preventive measures. Continuous monitoring and follow-up tests may be necessary to ensure the effectiveness of the treatment.
• Negative Results: Your doctor may offer prevention advice and suggest a schedule for future testing to ensure continued sexual health.