STDs and Pregnancy (2024)

STDs and Pregnancy

Dr. Leonard Leng of ATA Medical Singapore.
Authored By: Dr. Leonard Leng.
Last updated: 12 Aug 2024.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can have a significant impact on pregnancy, affecting fertility, the immediate health of both the mother and baby, and the baby's long-term health. Although some STDs, like HIV, are not curable, they can be effectively managed with treatment, allowing for a healthy pregnancy. Given that the rate of STD infections was highest among young adults in Singapore between 20 and 34 years in 2017, understanding their impact and ensuring timely testing and treatment are important for those who are pregnant or considering pregnancy.

STDs and pregnancy of an illustration of a baby in an embryo for 7 months.
STD incidence rates in Singapore by age group.
Source: Ministry of Health (MOH)

How STDs Can Affect Pregnancy

Impact on Fertility and Maternal Health

STDs like chlamydia and gonorrhoea can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), damaging the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and surrounding tissues. This damage can result in infertility or increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy (where a fertilised egg implants outside the uterus). Infections like HIV can weaken the immune system, making the mother more susceptible to other infections. Untreated STDs can also lead to long-term reproductive health issues such as cervical cancer. Regular screening and timely treatment for sexually active individuals are vital to protect fertility.

STDs can affect female reproductive system.

Potential Complications for the Baby

STDs can be transmitted from mother to baby during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. This can cause serious complications for the baby, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirth. Babies born to mothers with untreated STDs may face long-term health challenges:

  • HIV: Infants infected with HIV can develop paediatric AIDS, leading to severe immune system deficiencies and developmental delays.
  • Syphilis: Congenital syphilis can cause bone deformities, anaemia, jaundice, and neurological issues.
  • Herpes: Congenital herpes can cause skin infections, brain inflammation (encephalitis), and seizures. It can also lead to recurrent episodes of herpes throughout life.
  • Hepatitis B: Babies born with hepatitis B may become chronic carriers, increasing their risk of liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer later in life.
  • Chlamydia and gonorrhoea: These infections can lead to neonatal conjunctivitis and pneumonia.
  • HPV: Although rare, children infected with HPV can develop respiratory papillomatosis, a condition where warts grow in the airways, leading to breathing difficulties and recurrent respiratory issues.
Gynaecologist reviewing baby's health for STDs.

Myths About STDs and Pregnancy

Myth: STDs Only Affect People Who Have Multiple Sexual Partners
Fact: Anyone who is sexually active can contract an STD, even if they have only one partner. It is important for all pregnant women to get tested for STDs regardless of their sexual history.

Myth: If There Are No Symptoms, There’s No Risk to the Baby
Fact: Many STDs can be asymptomatic, meaning you might not have any noticeable symptoms but can still pass the infection to your baby. Regular screening is essential to detect and treat STDs early.

Myth: You Can’t Treat STDs During Pregnancy
Fact: Many STDs can be safely treated during pregnancy with medications. Early treatment can prevent complications and transmission to the baby.

Myth: Only Certain Types of STDs Can Affect Pregnancy
Fact: All STDs have the potential to impact pregnancy in various ways. It is important to get tested for a comprehensive range of STDs to ensure the health of both the mother and baby.

Myth: Using Condoms Always Prevents STDs During Pregnancy
Fact: While condoms significantly reduce the risk of many STDs, they do not provide 100% protection. Some infections, like herpes and HPV, can be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact in areas not covered by a condom.

Myths about STDs and pregnancy.

Testing & Treatment of STDs During Pregnancy

In Singapore, pregnant women are typically tested early for STDs during their prenatal visits in the first trimester. Depending on risk factors such as number of sexual partners and history of STDs, additional testing may be recommended by the gynaecologist later in the pregnancy.

Treating STDs during pregnancy is crucial to ensure the health and safety of both the mother and the baby. For bacterial infections such as syphilis, gonorrhoea, and chlamydia, antibiotics are typically prescribed, which can cure the infection and prevent complications. For viral infections like herpes and HIV, antiviral medications can help control the infection and reduce the risk of transmission to the baby. It is important to closely follow the prenatal appointments and treatment plan prescribed by the gynaecologist. Early detection and treatment of STDs can significantly reduce the risk of adverse outcomes and ensure a healthier pregnancy.

Disclaimer: This information is intended for general knowledge only and should not be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with your gynaecologist or doctor regarding your specific circumstances.

Pregnant asian woman going for regular gynaecologist's appointments.

Preventing STDs Before & During Pregnancy

  • Safe Sex Practices: Using protection such as condoms and dental dams, and engaging in mutually monogamous relationships can significantly reduce the risk of STDs. Open communication with partners about sexual health and STD testing is also important.
  • Importance of Prenatal Care: Regular prenatal care is crucial for early detection and management of STDs. Prenatal visits provide an opportunity to test for infections, receive appropriate treatment, and monitor the health of the mother and baby.
  • Vaccinations and Other Preventive Measures: Vaccinations can prevent certain STDs, such as HPV and Hepatitis B. Pregnant women should also be aware of preventive measures like avoiding sharing needles and reducing exposure to infected individuals.

    Note: We are unable to administer these vaccines during pregnancy; therefore, it is advisable to receive them as part of pre-conception planning.
Young asian woman getting vaccinated against STDs.

Summary

STDs can have serious implications for both maternal and infant health during pregnancy. Preventive measures such as early testing, safe sex practices, regular follow-ups, and timely treatment are crucial to minimise risks and ensure a healthy pregnancy. By taking these steps, mothers can protect themselves and ensure their baby's health, safeguarding their future. Lastly, it is important to consult your gynaecologist promptly if you have any concerns about STDs and your pregnancy.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Syphilis is known to increase the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and preterm birth if left untreated during pregnancy.
Yes, a woman with STDs can get pregnant. However, untreated STDs can affect fertility and cause complications during pregnancy.
If your partner has an STD, both of you should get tested and treated if necessary. Practise safe sex and communicate openly with your healthcare provider.
Use condoms consistently, practise safe sex, maintain regular STD screenings, get vaccinated for preventable STDs, and engage in mutually monogamous relationships.
Yes, STDs can cause complications such as preterm birth, low birth weight, stillbirth, and congenital infections if not properly managed.
Syphilis can cause severe birth defects including bone deformities, neurological issues, and congenital syphilis if not treated during pregnancy.
Yes, with proper treatment and management, women with STDs can have healthy pregnancies and babies. Early detection and treatment are crucial.
Many bacterial STDs, such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis, can be cured with antibiotics during pregnancy. Viral STDs like herpes and HIV cannot be cured but can be managed with antiviral medications.
Yes, STDs can be transmitted through sperm. Using condoms can reduce the risk of transmission.
Many STDs are asymptomatic. The only way to know for sure is through testing.
If both partners are STD-free and maintain monogamy, they cannot contract an STD. However, past infections or lack of complete testing can still pose risks.
STDs are mainly transmitted through sexual activities involving bodily fluids like semen, vaginal secretions, and blood so using condoms and dental dams can significantly reduce the risk of transmission during sex. However, some STDs like herpes and HPV can spread through skin-to-skin contact, even in areas not covered by condoms. If you're considering having sex with someone who has an STD, it's important to talk to a doctor about the specific risks and necessary precautions.
Yes, a woman can get pregnant while having an STD, but it is important to treat the STD to avoid complications during pregnancy.
Viral STDs such as herpes, HIV, and HPV remain in the body for life. These infections can be managed with proper medical care.
Worry about STDs if you experience symptoms such as unusual discharge, pain during sex or urination, sores, or if you have unprotected sex. Regular screening is important even if symptoms are not present.